Iannis Xenakis

Romanian-born Greek-French composer and architect (1922–2001), Xenakis transformed twentieth-century music by applying stochastic processes, game theory, and set theory to composition. Trained as a civil engineer in Athens, he fled to France in 1947 after fighting in the resistance against Nazi occupation. He worked with Le Corbusier and studied under Olivier Messiaen at the Paris Conservatoire. His orchestral work Metastaseis (1954) assigned independent parts to every musician, while Terretektorh (1966) dispersed players among the audience. His percussion works Psappha (1975) and Pléïades (1979) remain landmarks of the instrument.

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