Carl Jung

Carl Gustav Jung (1875–1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology following a theoretical break with Sigmund Freud in the early twentieth century. His framework — centred on archetypes, the collective unconscious, individuation, synchronicity, and the study of dreams, myths, and religious symbols — proposed a model of the psyche as a living process mediated by symbolic and imaginal processes that exceed rational understanding. Concepts including the shadow, the anima and animus, the persona, and the self have entered wide cultural circulation, influencing not only clinical psychology but art, literature, film, and cultural theory broadly.